| Discipline-specific terminology | A generalist renders “significance”, “validity” or a reagent name amateurishly – one term off shifts the statement. | A translator from your discipline, backed by a subject-specific glossary – not an all-rounder. |
| Citation & referencing style | Source references are translated along with the text or the style slips; the bibliography becomes formally invalid. | Sources stay in the original; APA 7, Vancouver, Chicago or Harvard are kept consistently throughout. |
| Formulas, LaTeX & special characters | Equations, units, LaTeX commands and Greek symbols break during reformatting. | Formulas, LaTeX code and special characters stay untouched – only the surrounding text is translated. |
| Academic English ≠ literal | German nominal style transferred 1:1 reads clumsily, missing hedging reads unscientific, the tenses are off. | A native speaker renders it into the academic register – with hedging, correct tenses and measured nominalisation. |
| Journal & university requirements | The abstract exceeds the word limit, the journal’s stylesheet is ignored – a common reason for a desk reject. | We build in the abstract word limit, the author guidelines and the style guide in advance. |
| Preserving authorship | A translator “improves” the argument – and unnoticed drifts towards ghostwriting. | We translate, we do not rewrite; content suggestions only as a marked proofreading note. |
| Terminology across 200+ pages | The same term appears now one way, now another across chapters and hands – the work looks careless. | Translation memory and glossary secure a term across the entire thesis, even with several people working on it. |
| Confidentiality of results | Unpublished results get into circulation – priority, preprint or embargo are put at risk. | Purpose-bound under GDPR, on request with an NDA and an embargo until the publication date. |